The cruelty was not disputed and Bell's defence to the charge showed little remorse. Allen, Daniel, The Hunted Otter in Britain, 18301939, in Middleton, K. and Pooley, S., eds, Wild Things: Nature and the Social Imagination (Cambridge, 2013)Google Scholar; For Bates, much like Henry Salt, the pain and suffering experienced by animals were indistinguishable from those experienced by humans. The underlying motivation for these very specific criticisms is a much broader belief that all living beings feel pain and suffer. The Guardian reported that the grisly content of the painting was the reason why it was taken off permanent display by its owners the Laing Gallery in Newcastle.Footnote 47 For Bates, such suffering could not be enjoyable for the sufferer and should not be enjoyable for onlookers. 64. Bobcats and otters or their pelts must be delivered to an agent of the Conservation Department for registration or tagging before selling, transferring, tanning or mounting by April 10. 65, The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports was the first organisation to engage directly with otter hunters at otter hunts and the first ever protest against otter hunting appears to have taken place in 1931. Bell-Irving, David Jardine, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences (Dumfries, 1920), p. 120 68. 2017. Diana Donald argues, however, that the resulting canvas, six and a half feet high, had no precedent in British sporting art in the way it combined archaic pageantry and brutal actuality with the hunter twisting the spear so the otter does not immediately fall to the hounds. Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. 14. And as to the women, they evidently have no sense of shame, or pity, for the torture these poor little creatures undergo.Footnote In Alaska, 467 sea otters were translo-cated to several locations from 1965 to 1969. Tarka soon became an iconic literary figure, and otter-hunting was made tangible to a new and wide audience.Footnote This indiscriminate killing of females and cubs was shown to be by no means isolated. Offering close proximity and participatory practices of seeing (gazing) and doing (the stickle), any member of an otter hunt could participate in infamous scenes. The regular otter hunter deliberately indulges in cruelty without the saving grace of feeling shame on the contrary, the returning cars and local tap rooms ring with the complacent boastings of the lords and ladies of creation.Footnote He met his future wife Ida Hibbert at an otter hunt, and proposed to her at a hunt ball. WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 61. 31 This indicates that despite the ongoing challenge from the anti-blood-sports movement, in 1939 hunting rhetoric still informed the public's perception of otters and otter hunting. 03 March 2016. In addition to this justification, any suggestion of cruelty is light-heartedly dismissed: It is improbable that most of the people who go otter hunting worry much about the humanities or the natural law of the thing. The otter hunters involved had been using cats in a specially constructed wooden tunnel to train their young terriers to bolt otters. First, he insisted that cats had been used, as he could not always get hold of a badger. Glorying over being blooded at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, 1928 p. 85. 53, To show that this practice was not a thing of the past, Collinson then lifted more recent examples from the May 1906 Animals Friend: An otter, after being worried for four hours, gave birth to two cubs, and was afterwards hunted for two hours more before she was killed. 46. Otter hunters were of course proud of this fact; it was one of the many peculiarities that set it apart from other field sports. The 1911 pamphlet attempted to shed light on the overall death roll of otter hunting. earlier attempts at concealment were also exposed. Scientists and tribal leaders say reintroducing otters would restore balance to degraded kelp forests, boost fish species, protect shorelines, generate tourist dollars He sat on the governing bodies of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the National Canine Defence League, the Cat's Protection League, the Pit-Ponies Protection Society, and the Animals Friend Society.Footnote Cruel Sports illustrated this incident with a photograph headed Burning the Truth! According to the League's Report for 1931, the demonstration at Colchester resulted in a local ban being placed on the hounds.Footnote By the twentieth century most otter hunters spoke of the remote and barbarous days of the spear,Footnote men and women,Footnote Another aspect of otter hunting that attracted critical attention was the type of people involved and the behaviour it induced. The Picture Post styles otter hunting as just another peculiar pastime the notoriously crazy English enjoy in the countryside. Salt edited the two Humanitarian League journals: Humanity, later renamed The Humanitarian (18951919) and The Humane Review (19001910). 89 He did however come to the conclusion that their conduct had been reprehensible.Footnote Newcastle Daily Journal, 29th May 1914, cited at http://www.henrysalt.co.uk/friends/colonel-coulson. This carry on as normal sentiment was initially broadly endorsed, but could not be sustained by all. Coleridge won the audience at the meeting over to his case. WebSea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. Osman, Colin, Man, Felix Hans (18931985), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 This allowed broader questions to be raised by the publisher and campaigner Ernest Bell (18511933). Is there no legislation which would enable, say, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals to get upon the track of the Workington murderers and make them suffer? Call a professional pest removal expert By setting this against contemporary instances he insinuates the unchanging attitudes of otter hunters over the centuries. 56 Syse, Karen Victoria Lykke, Otters as Symbols in the British Environmental Discourse, Landscape Research, 38 (2013), 54052CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In recent years, sea otters have expanded into the upper reaches of Glacier Bay including Scidmore Bay, Russell A subsection in the Hunted Otter (1911) entitled Hunted for Seven Hours described the lengthy pursuit of a female otter by the Culmstock Otter Hounds in 1910. 5. With this in mind Johnston seemed to overlook the behaviour of otter hunters and instead placed blame on anglers: Salmon is produced in such enormous abundance in North America and Norway, and is so very unlikely (owing to its habit of resorting to the sea) to become exterminated in British waters by the otter, that it would be a shame if this remarkable aquatic weasel. something like twelve thousand otters have been killed in England for the purpose of fun. By planting a seed of doubt into the minds of readers over the accuracy of hunting reports, it also implied that otter hunters could not be trusted. It appears to be more about human behaviour than animal suffering. The painting is currently in store at the Laing Gallery, Newcastle http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing-art-gallery/collections.html. See In his view, otters were more visible than fish and therefore their lives were more valuable: the time has come when active steps should be taken to promote the preservation of the otter, a creature far more beautiful, wonderful and obvious than any fish.Footnote Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. Pring, Geoffrey, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957 (Exeter, 1958), p. 35 British Sporting Art, Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. He declared that Coleridge was entirely out of order in discussing this matter now, adding that he was not speaking of the merits of the subject, but only say it is out of order now. Coleridge replied that: If at your Annual meeting such a motion as that is out of order, then I say this great Society will stultify itself if it does not hear me. 10 70. feel thankful that the Masters of the various packs of otter hounds do not share this opinion.Footnote 80. Otters today are faced with habitat loss and food scarcity, apart from killing due to Reflecting on the period, W. H. Rogers of the Cheriton Otter Hounds wrote: Some doubts were expressed as to the propriety of hunting while so many poor fellows were being killed and wounded in the trenches, but the view prevailed that if the Hunt was once dropped it would be very difficult to restart it, and that those who were away would wish us to keep things going against their return.Footnote 63. Allen, Daniel, A Delightful Sport with peculiar claims: The Specificities of Otterhunting, 18501939, in Hoyle, R. W., ed., Our Hunting Fathers: Field Sports in England after 1850 (Lancaster, 2007), pp. My object is only to insure that this Institution shall fulfil the great purpose for which it was founded.Footnote A part of this pamphlet, which included this quotation, was reprinted in Cruel Sports magazine in 1929. It has many meanings and perhaps I misconstrue it? There is no danger, no risk, absolutely no excuse for this form of baiting except the insensate one of a lust for blood.Footnote River otters love fish, frogs, crayfishes, crabs, and other aquatic invertebrate The History of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds (Powys, 1988), p. 24.Google Scholar. 79. 79. 63 By enlisting the opinion of H. E. Bates, the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports hoped this sentiment would not only reach a more popular readership, but also move such people into joining the campaign against otter hunting. By Zulma Cary. When, however, other members of the Hunt were moved to action by the scandal,Footnote It also shows just how much the mere thought of otter hunting could unsettle an individual. Google Scholar. . During the period 1969-72, 89 sea otters were translo-cated to British Columbia; 59 otters were released in Washington in 1969-70. 58. When urchin populations spiked in response, the reefs held their ground. Render date: 2023-05-01T08:20:46.153Z Members of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports were also outraged by this murderous behaviour and equally critical of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, but they had a slightly different response to the event. 22. The Humanitarian League's strategy was that whenever an article mentioning otter hunting appeared in a newspaper or magazine, League members would bombard that publication with letters of protest. 61. 88 The social image being constructed is of a group of people who are not just morally right, but are more decent than the hunters, who are by contrast portrayed as disreputable, aggressive and shameful. Sir Edwin Landseer, The Otter Speared, Portrait of the Earl of Aberdeen's Otterhounds, or the Otter Hunt, 1844; Laing Gallery, Newcastle http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing-art-gallery/collections.html. The small caption reads: OTTER-HUNTING. He is remembered today for his monumental two-volume Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (191921); for his natural history collections now held at Kew, the British Museum, and London Zoo; and for his identification of the okapi (Okapi johnstoni) in the Congo in 1901.Footnote He followed the Cheriton Otter Hounds from 1924 and subscribed to Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds produced by William Rogers, Master, in 1925. Captain T. W. Sheppard, Decadence of Otter Hunting, The Field, 20th October 1906, 658. Although in political terms women gained full equality of suffrage in 1928,Footnote 7. 32. After retiring from the army he devoted much of his time to lecturing in schools across the country about the fair treatment of animals. . Some of the recurring questions included: Have we reached such a pitch of humaneness in our treatment of wild animals that no further legislation is desired? and What made it more desirable for individuals, rather than Societies, to promote such legislation? These questions got no response from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the putative otter hunting bill became for many just another means to criticise its inadequacy and hypocrisy. Ormond, Richard It argued that if it were necessary, otters should be cleanly killed, i.e. . But in the early 2000s, their numbers exploded: From 2002 to 2011, the sea-otter population more He also pointed out that Geoffrey Hill of Hawkstone had killed 544 otters between 1870 and 1884, and that William Collier of Culmstock had also accounted for 144 between 1879 and 1884. Mr Rose of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds described the proposed Bill as most unfair and ridiculous and argued that otter hunting was grossly misrepresented: Long spiked poles are never used for the purposes suggested, but for assisting followers across ditches, rivers and fences. Bates wrote this chapter on the basis that he liked otters but, despite living within a mile of a river valley, had never seen one in the wild. . Although its founder Edward Hulton was a Conservative, the publication was politically left leaning and its editors Stefan Lorent and Tom Hopkinson took an anti-fascist stance. Like the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports advocated the state regulation of British wildlife, and were outraged by the hunting and coursing of highly sentient creatures for sport. These public demonstrations shed light on the respectability of the animal welfare movement. Again this article was accompanied with a striking photograph of several ladies holding banners (Figure 3). 58. 25. 11 Rather than focussing solely on the incident, they redirected their attention to the public's response to it. 23 WebNo hunting (except waterfowl) during removed only by the user. Although this demonstration was by all accounts quiet and orderly, the encounter did produce a rather interesting spectacle. . UKWOT has Has data issue: false Yet although Johnston was not directly involved, his argument brought into prominence the campaign for the otter. He agrees that the otter lives on fish, but so also do herons and wild duck and pike and kingfishers and cats and men and women. He presented the case for his unauthorised but friendly amendment at the Egyptian Hall, Mansion House. During the 82nd Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals on 21st May, Stephen Coleridge tapped into this public feeling, and unexpectedly proposed that the committee should prepare a bill to make otter hunting illegal. 48 83. Some inhuman wretch: Animal Maiming and the Ambivalent Relationship between Rural Workers and Animals, Rural History, 25 (2014), 13360CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 81. The photograph was taken by Felix Man, who had been an active photojournalist since 1929, had emigrated from Germany to London in 1934 and was chief photographer for Picture Post from 1938 to 1945.Footnote Colonel W. Lisle B. Coulson, The Otter Worry, in Henry Salt, ed., British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something (1901), pp. The hypocrisy of clergy preaching high moral standards and Christian virtues yet killing for fun was regularly exploited by members of the Humanitarian League. This approval generated considerable adverse reactions and increased press coverage. In 1901 Coulson had written that: Some of the clergy revel in it the very men who pose afterwards as the expounders of high morality.Footnote 17 the magazine had a massive readership. Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds. The seasonality, setting and pedestrianism of otter hunting appealed to Edwardian sporting and leisure sensibilities. and Otter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and 30 This is not to say that those within the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports subscribed to this notion. 51. "useRatesEcommerce": false Otter reintroductions were common during this time. Leeds Women Protest at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, August 1935, 59. In August 1938 the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports gained permission to reprint the chapter in leaflet form. For almost 40 years, the otters in southeast Alaska scrapped by. 89. As with the Barnstaple cat-worrying case of 1905, attention was redirected from the actual killing to the animal in question. 15, Although this document only had a small readership it proved to be the earliest written condemnation of the sport from an organisation. . 33 Drawing his facts from The Field of 8th October 1910, Collinson explained that the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds had recorded a total of twenty-two otters, the Border Counties accounted for twenty-five, and the Hawkstone finished with forty. A sanctuary was created in Amchitka Island, whose sea otter population grew to outstrip its supply of prey. 5 Interestingly, the magazine did not choose a classic scene of hounds in a watery landscape. The National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports sought to enlist the support of well-known individuals, including the journalist and author H. E. Bates (19051974) who became a mainstream country writer. Otter hunting is a practice that dates back to the 1700s. Coulson later complained that clergy, more generally, did little to criticise otter hunting: Seldom do we hear from the pulpit any protests against acts of cowardice and cruelty that would shame savages. They were joined by English and American hunters in the latter part of the century, and uncontrolled hunting continued until 1799. 76, There is a real sense that women should have had the emotional authority to know better.Footnote Considering Johnston's establishment position and his enthusiasm for hunting in the Empire, this was a powerful request. He stressed that he was not a sportsman and had never shot a bird nor hooked a fish in my life but became involuntarily the witness of an otter hunt while sketching beside a pool. Although celebrated by reviewers in the Illustrated London News and Athenaeum, the subsequent engraving failed to sell well and John Ruskin argued in 1846 that Landseer before he gives us any more writhing otters, or yelping packs should consider whether such a scene was worthy of contemplation.Footnote 41 Instead, it focussed on one man, Mr Sidney Varndell. The first publication solely concerned with exposing the cruelties of otter hunting was Joseph Collinson's 1911 The Hunted Otter, a twenty-four page booklet in Ernest Bell's A. of compassion, love, gentleness, and universal benevolence, the Humanitarian League clearly set itself apart from other reform oriented bodies. The object of this society was to create a sound public opinion on the destruction of wild animals throughout the British Empire, especially Africa, and establish game reserves.Footnote The latter is essentially a personal consideration of riverside life along the Ouse and the Nene. Nearly 280 river otters were captured in the Adirondacks and Catskills and relocated to 15 sites in central and western New York during a three-year period in the 1990s. L. C. R. Cameron, Otters and Otter-Hunting (1908), cited in Collinson, The Hunted Otter, p. 6. 15. This was the month when the Barnstaple cat-worrying case was in the public eye. Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 58. After some lively verbal exchanges between the Huntsman and League members, the Branch Secretary Mrs Chapman attempted to address the crowd by standing on a chair. Hunting Otters with firearms was once common in the early twentieth century, but many preferred to trap them. WebIn 1741, Russians began hunting sea otters. After mobilising factual evidence, graphic descriptions and controversial comparisons, Bates concludes his essay bemoaning the seeming insanity of the legal position of hunted animals. 49. 43. This act of individual defiance was, however, soon silenced by the laughter of the unreceptive audience. Rogers, W. H., Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds (Taunton, 1925), p. 225 In The Times on 13th June 1928 Williamson was described as the finest and most intimate living interpreter of the drama of wildlife. Unlike other blood sports, the main excitement in otter hunting was seen to derive from the involvement in the visceral spectacle of the kill. In 1939 another iconic image came out on the front cover of the Picture Post (Figure 5). 35 This pack disbanded in 1919 when he became master of the Hawkstone Otter Hounds. Mackenzie, John M., The Empire of Nature (Manchester, 1988), p. 33 21 Staged at Colchester's North Railway Station, on this occasion members of the Colchester Working Group were the chief agitators and the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds the agitated. Unlike the working men who may have regretted the spontaneous event, sportsmen not only celebrated their own form of killing; they had created organisations that expected it to occur on a regular basis. 14 Total loading time: 0 An anonymous informant writing in The Humanitarian in August 1908, for instance, questioned the unwomanly conduct of the ladies in the field: The conduct of the women is beyond me to describe. Should Otters be Hunted?, Madame, 9th September 1905, 515, cited in Cheesman and Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, p. 44. WebA scientist designed an experiment to test an. When interviewed by the Oxford Times, Mrs Chapman explained We went to Islip because we thought we ought to make a special protest against otter-hunting. The second letter from An Old Fashioned Sportsman denounced otter hunting on sporting grounds and used the Barnstaple cat-worrying case to strengthen his argument: I belong to an old family of Tory sportsman who have been brought up to view with disgust such amusements as involve the fiendish cruelty and worrying of one poor little animal for many hours by a motley crowd of men, women and even children, some armed with spears. In order to share these principles with the public, the League adopted a strategy that involved open meetings, lobbying of influential individuals, letter writing campaigns to newspapers and magazines and the production of pamphlets, monthly journals and other scholarly publications.Footnote In 2010 a painting normally considered too upsetting for modern tastes which while impressive was also undeniably gruesome was displayed at an exhibition of British sporting art at the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. In this case, which was brought by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Master of the Cheriton Otter Hounds, Mr Walter Lorraine Bell, and three of its members were found guilty of charges relating to cruelty to cats. After being chased by the crowd, the female otter took refuge in some brickwork under a bridge. Douglas Macdonald Hastings, Hunting the Otter, Picture Post, 22nd July 1939, 5256, p. 52. The Otter Worry, The Humanitarian, September 1907, 164. The candid words of Reverend E. W. L. Davies in his 1886 chapter on The Otter and his Ways helped to reinforce this point: Bitch-otters yielding milk. He proposed that the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should take its courage in both hands and accept his amendment: That it be an instruction from this General Meeting of Subscribers of the RSPCA to the Committee, forthwith to secure its presentation to Parliament, the object of which shall be to make otter hunting illegal..Footnote 16, Otter hunting was compared unfavourable to other types of hunting. In 1928, it showed a cheerful young woman glorying over being blooded at an otter-hunt (Figure 4).Footnote 45. This desire had different implications for different sorts of people. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1906 Annual Report (1906), p. 127. The national profile of otter hunting was raised in July 1905 when the press reported an incident that became known as the Barnstaple cat-worrying case. For such people the laceration of an otter's living flesh is an amusing thing. 59. And even we English whose behaviour in the country is notoriously crazy must have an excuse for wading through rivers in grey bowler hats, blue jackets and white flannel breeches. 1823. Posted on September 22, 2019. That year, some conservation measures were established, but unregulated killing resumed in 1867, when the U.S. purchased Alaska. 32 Johnston condemned otter hunting and urged the government to give the mammal legal protection in his 1903 publication British Mammals. A prime example was when an article appeared in the 22nd July 1905 edition of Madame, a magazine aimed at wealthy women, proudly informing readers about the first lady Master of Otter Hounds, Mrs Mildred Cheesman. 85 Hounds Feather as They Search the River Banks; (10) Followers Take to the Water; (11) This Is the Kill; (12) The Whip Holds Up the Trophy. 2. 47. The National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, which was formed by an individual who had originally been part of those more radical elements, preferred a gradual approach to abolition and identified educating public opinion as its immediate objective. But model men would find pleasure neither in torturing, nor annihilating any of them.Footnote At dawn she withdrew to the river, where she was again hunted, but after several hours pursuit managed to escape. . WebThe feeding habits of otters vary greatly depending on species, location, and time of year or season. President Stephen Coleridge, his successor Lady Cory and several other members did the same. 38 .but an essential portion of any intelligible system of ethics or social science.Footnote Smith, Virginia, Bell, Ernest (18511933), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [online]Google Scholar. 72. [After a pause.] 70 4 6. Otter hunting was a minor field sport in Britain but in the early years of the twentieth century a lively campaign to ban it was orchestrated by several individuals and anti-hunting societies. A barrister by profession, Coleridge who hated cruelty in all its formsFootnote 8. In 1923 he diverted his attention to blood sports. 75 12. Raymond, Graham He provides a typical instance from a Monthly Review (June 1906) article by J. C. Tregarthen: An otter's cub was captured and confined in the stableyard of a house near a river where the mother had been hunted during the day. To stress his dissatisfaction, he targets two features specific to the sport, the prolonged duration of the pursuit and spring and summer hunting: To make it pleasant for otters as well as man, otters are hunted not only for a long time, for seven or eight or ten or eleven hours at a stretch, but in spring. Pain, too, like fun, is a word of many meanings and it is not surprising, perhaps, that for many people the two things are synonymous. 39. The chapter entitled Otters and Men is important. . Justice for the Animals, Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, October 1929, 128. The League established a special department to deal with Sports in 1895. 3 The word fun is the binding theme in Bates argument. According to Coulson those who engaged in the kill became virtually maddened by it.Footnote The Trust recently secured the first ongoing class licence to capture and transport live Eurasian otters trapped in well-fenced fisheries in England. The sport became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century and the Edwardian period. 50 Writing in the Morning Leader, Colonel Coulson described how an otter, which had been hunted for seven hours, was struck and killed by a blow from a metal-shod stick wielded by an otter hunter in a boat. We can gain an insight into the exact message they were trying to make from the letter which was handed to the master, Sir Maurice Bromley-Wilson, and followers: The Leeds branch of the League for Prohibition of Cruel Sports has organised this protest against otter-hunting to indicate that there is a growing public feeling against this and other so-called sports. Here he labelled otter hunting as the second cruellest blood sport: With the exception of the hare-hunt men and women possibly never sink so low as they do when they join an Otter-Worry. J. C. Bristow-Noble, Madame, 22nd July 1905, 171, cited in Cheesman and Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, p. 43 [Actually it was Mrs Kellogg-Jenkins, Battle, who had been born in San Francisco, 1911 census]. He wanted society to step back and reconsider the moral distinction between wild and domestic animals. 336, p. 34. On Tuesday 28th April, a small group of members from the Oxford Branch assembled in Islip to demonstrate against the Buckinghamshire Otter Hounds (Figure 2). It was not until July 1928 that the age was lowered to twenty-one. The idea of the fairer sex taking part in manly or savage amusements was regularly invoked to shock the public.Footnote Figure 3. This in a sense gave the League the moral high ground. was fully aware of the power of publicity and as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals did not oppose blood sports, this proposal was a radical move.
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