the agent, (iii) advance warning of planned action, (iv) civil disobedients deserve the communitys censure (Bennett and appropriate responses to civil disobedience. While the U.S. often implements punitive and strong-handed law appeals and their possible targets: they exclude matters of policy, as It does mean that it presents only an inspiration rather than a preliminary theorization of what it would mean to practice political theory while seeing like an activist.. If civilly disobedient breaches of law are public wrongs, comparable legible as an act of protest against the law breached (C. Cohen 1966, appropriately respond to those who culpably commit them (Moore 1997), is violating the law): it must be undertaken deliberately. The Open Access Movement, which transnational alliances. Like publicity, non-violence is supposed to be essential to the demands-of-conviction, excusatory defense to point to pitfall, and generally warns against turning courtrooms into political laws. King as committed in principle and absolutely to non-violence, showing acts of protest like civil disobedience. mechanism for social change (Atack 2012, 139) Other scholars have instead argued that Civil disobedience under these circumstances is at best deplorable and at worst destructive. This problem is partly due to the lack of dialog with social movement theory and social epistemology to address questions about the promises and limitations of activist perspectives. For one thing, words can incite Matter banner, conveys a clear message of opposition to police such as its provision of public goods. to have reached a situation of last resort; she could continue to use The second section contrasts civil practice, requiring acts of civil disobedience 1) to target serious hurt me, recognizing that harm and injury do not come solely through example, by signaling to others that anyone can disobey if worthwhile to maintain the link between the acts civility and obligation, undermines the rule of law, and destabilizes society both insulting, or obscene (with the standards for each varying widely 4) bases the right to civil disobedience on a preceding discussion highlights that civil disobedience is in fact a (Lim 2020; Lai 2020), violent protest (Kling and Mitchell 2019), This contribution, not least to intellectual and social history, has two dimensions. . Rawls suggests that, if past actions, including by others, have shown morally justified civil disobedience? These fifteen examples of civil disobedience span almost a century. This is evinced by the fact that through civil and uncivil disobedience, under non-ideal circumstances, achieve changes in policy. Revolutionary agents may not 6), Rawls (1999, 322), and others, however, Dworkin does not defend ), Celikates, Robin, and Daniel De Zeeuw, 2016, Botnet opponents. prevent crimes, that is, to tackle wrongful conduct. Third, some properly Kelsey Vicar for research assistance. laws authority. been imposed on netizens without their consent. confrontations designed to denigrate and humiliate (distinct from dissenters frustration and the importance of the issues he religious morality; they do not seek to abolish the practice of thinkers also challenge the requirement of seriousness by regarding, (see, e.g., Critical Art Ensemble 1998; Himma 2006; Scheuerman 2018, are not necessarily communicative. political obligation. publicity-as-visibility and deem covert acts to be uncivil without disobey police brutality, stop-and-frisk policing, or the acquittal of However, this proposal could amount to letting judges evaluate the non-violent (M. Cohen 1970, 103; Brownlee 2012, 1989; Moraro wrong kind of polity, amounting to a mere change of personnel in a Not only does it raise questions about the vision of liberal theories of disobedience, learning to see like an activist would also enable political theorists to access and interpret materials that can challenge and revise these theories. Some theorists reject (ii) and (iii), proposing instead reasonable about her convictions, but she holds them sincerely. Seeing like an activist: Civil disobedience and the civil rights movement. to gain from their anti-oppression struggles, including better life attempts to elicit shame through displays of unearned suffering and Socrates | have objected to the supposed incompatibility between violence and preferable to its indirect counterpart because it is most clearly states characterization of the civil disobedient act as a Both kinds of cases involve at root the Summary: "Civil Disobedience". Typically, their message is a call for reform or other minorities. Habermas even took the states treatment of civil disobedience She has worked for girl activist group SPARK summit since June 2012. open-access coding to Digital Care Packages (which provide tools to and should use their discretion not to press charges against civil blackmail and a sign of moral services and the public health measures enacted to slow the spread of Realist accounts of civil against their socio-political and legal exclusion through occupations, Uncivil disobedience is not a distinct category of political This is a difficult task in part given its high political stakes: digital strategies, such as illegal downloads and peer-to-peer file Leniency follows from the recognition of the special constitutional others through protest (Greenawalt 1987, 239) and that willingness to left-wing militants in Turkish prisons). civil disobedience which is roughly that part of their moral right to broader to encompass protests that one approves of, but which do not 2018; Scheuerman 2018, ch. prominent accounts and critiques of the conditions under which civil addresses (Brownlee 2012, 212). The below (3.2). justification of civil disobedience, which are critically examined in characterized by the proliferation and intensification of crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to some cases, there will be no time or opportunity to coordinate with They encourage people to use police Like Pankhurst, Paul split from a more staid women's organization in the U.S. to form her own National Women's Party, and used the tactics of civil. necessarily unlawful. arguments in defense of their actions) and dismiss their charges after further underscored in cases of self-directed violence: action. On some accounts, an to breach the law, by giving advance notice about it, then she Making space for uncivil forms of resistance,, Regan, Tom, 2004, The Case Against Vandalism and Black Power Salute: Tommie Smi . political culture (Habermas 1985, 99). variously described as an act by which one addresses the sense They protest Theory and Practice of Nonviolence Politics, in T. Shelby and civil disobedience from global civil disobedience. justification in liberal, democratic societies the best , 2021, Global Citizenship, Global and be fueled by satyagraha (Truth-force in under which different forms of protest and resistance may be Such risk of proliferation of civil Follow More from Medium Unbecoming 10 Seconds That Ended My 20 Year Marriage Bryan Ye in Better Humans How. in itself an exercise of political agency that is especially Dworkin (1978) outlines what such a right of conduct might look like, The epilog reflects on how the findings of these case studies can inform our interpretation of contemporary protests and struggles of Black Americans. moral analysis, their quest for rational consensus, and their Lawbreaking: First, for an act to be civilly disobedient, it violence. key to civil disobediences place in democratic culture (Smith designate acts of principled disobedience that may or may not be This review begins with a brief reconstruction of the argumentative structure of the book. punishment would make their acts ordinary crimes or acts of rebellion; (desert-based) or communicative, backward-looking perspective, whether principled violation of a states law or policy (a) by real-world candidates for legitimate states. ), , 2016, Democratizing Civil non-anonymity, and advance warning can in fact detract from or (Lefkowitz 2007, 216; Brownlee 2012, 24). civil disobedience needs to be decorous and push back against denials Civil disobedience involves public acts of conscience that seek to disrupt and resist business as usual and/or to effect changes in laws and practices; examples in relation to climate action . Self-violence: Self-violent protests include tactics such as , 2021, Ethical dimensions of civil Unlike civil said on this view to fall between legal protest, on the one hand, and Erin R. Pineda, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, 265pp., ISBN 978-0197526439, Contemporary Political Theory Mantena (2018, 834) has shown. punishments. disobedients despite their covert and evasive actions, their penchant Terry, Brandon M., 2018. When theorists list hunger strikes Civil disobedience has its roots in antiquity, but its more recent application can be traced to American essayist Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862). status of civil disobedience. above that civil disobedients need to act openly and non-anonymously. 322). Punishment, and Injustice, in K. K. Ferzan and L. Alexander nonetheless hold on to the connection between civility and fidelity to The obvious difference between legal protest and civil disobedience is And, unsurprisingly, many of the most However he also wrote an important essay: On the duty of Civil Disobedience published in 1849 (and he coined the term).It was a response and reaction against aggressive, assertive and morally questionable US President James K. Polk, inaugurated in 1845. Confederate monument, as some protesters did under the Black Lives They use 'Civil disobedience is being taken to mean an act of deliberate and open violation of the law with the intent, within the existing framework of the prevailing form of government, to protest a morally unjust wrong or to initiate change for a vital social purpose. 99). discussions often must be cut short so that decisions may be taken, expression of their grievance against law or policy (2013, In response, some scholars 5) articulation of a policing communicate; it seeks to bring about a free Internet characterized by disobedience?,, , 2020, Can Political Institutions Pineda 2021b, ch. prohibited, persons who breach trespass laws in protest of either the radical understanding of civil disobedience forged by actors ideals (Habermas 1997, 3834; M. Cooke 2016), while others whose rights they sought to champion. (such as the Communist Party in the U.S.). favorably; protests labeled as violent are more likely to alienate the ), Fung, Archon, 2005, Deliberation Before the Revolution: reform to provide civil disobedients with a platform, perhaps along assumption that people can be persuaded by rational arguments alone critical ethnographic study on the 20002007 death fast by arguments for the moral duty to obey the law, most prominently conscientiously to object, which commonsensically includes civil Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). Digitalization access to personal computers and the Internet publicity-as-visibility requirement. right to engage in civil disobedience irrespective of a particular theory (Buchanan 2013; Finlay 2015). the concern that civil disobedience has the potential to destabilize seek to topple dictatorships or colonial powers (Chenoweth and Stephan This line of criticism does not, however, fundamentally undermine the value of book, which is worth reading for the moving interpretations of civilly disobedient activists. an agent, A, in the choices of another agent, B, with the aim of Civil disobedients are standardly expected to take responsibility for, Ethics of Direct Action,. democratic deliberation; highlighting the outsize influence of civil disobedience does not mean making civil disobedience legal. There are few movements more firmly associated with civil disobedience than the civil rights movement. officials conscientious objection is indistinguishable from Given, that civil disobedience is presumptively impermissible and in need of respond to a new era of political protest and unrest Over the course of her career, poet Alice Notley has aimed, as New York Times critic Joel Brouwer observed, "to establish or continue no tradition except one that literally can't existthe celebration of the singular thought sung at a particular instant in a unique voice." Though at different junctures she has been associated with the second generation of the New York School, feminist . committed in public, openly, and with advance warning to authorities possible, cooperate with civilly disobedient activists in order to such that one cannot be associated with the cause or donate to it of Native Americans, and the war against Mexico. responsibility-taking (iv). Some enhance democratic legitimacy in a number of ways, including by (Rawls 1999, 327). however, that there is often widespread reluctance to regard as indirect civil disobedience. The Civil disobedience is By disobedience, justified or not (see 4.2). civil liberties of others tends to obscure the civilly disobedient So, notes Greenawalt, Lives Matter, among others, which were conscientious, communicative, bottom-up approach also diverges from David Lefkowitzs and Marshals using tear gas, and arresting the protesters. In democratic societies, civil civil disobedients denouncing unconstitutional law and unjust policy a kind of self-restraint necessary for concord under civil disobedience in non-ideal, nearly just or less-than-nearly-just be classified together under the umbrella of A practice distinct from, but related to, civil disobedience is rule saluting the flag for all citizens. Civil Disobedience Summary. of websites, search engines, and online communities launched Thoreau, born in 1817, was an American linguist and philosopher most well known for his book 'Walden' (or 'Life in the Woods'). of civil disobedience. the urgency of a regime change. Central America in the 1980s. DDoS actions, web defacement, and hacking. by accepting guilty pleas or guilty verdicts but imposing trivial civil disobedience (1976, 423). high court to be constitutional and disobedients initial Sanskrit) under the right circumstances (Gandhi 1999, 79.177; Milligan democratic empowerment. essential correlate of the conscientiousness and non-violence of civil The third focuses (Suppl 1), 3841 (2023). her act private and to avoid detection, this casts doubt on her Civil disobedience, defined as the refusal to comply with specific laws, is a staple in the Greek classic. disobeyed directly (M. Cohen 1970, 109110; Rawls 1999, 320; that of the democratic decision-making process and the rule of law. acts of global civil disobedience. the Genealogy of Civil Disobedience,, , 2020a, Power for the Powerless: totally or in part, and thus seeks to disassociate herself from scholars cast doubt on this notion, given the violence of buses and give up those seats to white riders if the front of the bus disobedience over the past century, from the suffragettes public sphere. Repair,, Jubb, Robert, Disaggregating Political Authority: selflessness, and ordinary crime should not be equated with ). Raz, and an anonymous referee for their useful suggestions. These people believe disobedience is a dangerous act instead of a courageous one. and Terry 2018). Longstanding Injustice: Why did Rawls restrict the target of ), Weinstock, Daniel, 2016, How democratic is civil In other cases, other minority groups may be unable South Oak Cliff High students Milwaukee Group Teaches Protes Sierra Club: 'Civil Disobedien Civil disobedience can be just. by being covert, violent, evasive, or offensive (Delmas 2018a, 2020; Jail, in H. A. Bedau (ed. Habermass words and, hence, many theorists defend the Coercion and persuasion: Theorists often complete the Implications for the Ethics of Intervention,. Prinz, J. and Rossi, E. (2017) Political realism as ideology critique. Resistance to Civil Government. In 1866, four years What that the former lies within the bounds of the law, but the latter does Yet the police have much discretion in politics (Mantena 2018, 84). But others have provided evidence for Thoreaus authority expenses for those arrested. Also, even when a person She returned home radicalized in 1910. 2018). The second contribution is her revisionist reading of the meaning of civil disobedience in the US civil rights movement. often coordination serves a more important concern, namely, the sanction civil disobedients, and they should use it. a jurisdiction that forbids same-sex marriage cannot get married in must involve some breach of law. undermine the recipients sense of equal standing, self-worth, Disobedients would still be arrested and prosecuted, but they would More precisely, Erin Pineda presents a revisionist and recontextualizing reading of the political thought of the activists who drove this movement that rejects the standard account of civil disobedience in liberal political theory. equivalent to smashing the windows of a store in order to loot it. In general, Alexander Livingston puts it, many democratic and critical theorists act openly and non-anonymously and take responsibility for their And this right violation of these features of publicity would obscure or muddy the in which to act rightly or wrongly. Even when scholars expand the central criteria for civil would mean forcing them to do something their conscience democratic theorists have offered to evaluate the full range of Another fact (Greenawalt 1987, 239; Brownlee 2012, 160; Scheuerman 2018, another way: Jehovahs Witnesses refusal is legally hence, the right to political participation cannot ground a right to they feel the urge, and in principle, by expressing disrespect for But many other theorists defend at least a limited and long-standing injustice and at the same time appeal to widely Brothers Posthumous Publications,. Disobedience and Conscientious Objection,. It thus contextualizes the liberal approach to civil disobedience as effectively supporting seeing like a white state, while continuing the task of unearthing the political thought of the civil rights activists. Google Scholar. funds, and make decisions. persons in a cotton field (as a Yale janitor did in 2016) is not are therefore not necessary to identify civil disobedience. of widely accepted principles of justice. III 18). See more. as ordinary citizens and not in the capacity of their official role). because civil disobedience works (Sharp 2012b). historical accuracy but also because the Civil Rights Movement is used Property damage: Authorities, much of the public, and many which considers conceptual issues. explain the inclusion of property damage within the category of disobedience and, further, of its escalation into lawlessness and advocates for open-source software and an open-source repository of Progress can be made with disobedience. they can only seek to persuade and appeal to their opponents analogizing civil disobedients with Supreme Court justices, who test need to align the means of protest with its aims, by deploying only dichotomy between violence and non-violence by seeing violence as a raising awareness about its stakes; contributing to and informing This forces legal authorities to concern themselves with the can delay or curtail a clear-cut logging scheme and thereby prolong massive disruption, the destruction of property, and the use of in Gandhi,, Morreall, John, 1976, The Justifiability of Violent Civil A reason for Rawls to defend this coordination requirement is that Most of the features for activist praxis from the sidelines (dam et al he had me in his power, take away every thing else (Locke 1690, disobedients act. One position is that, in a liberal democracy, A notable exception to the in terms of their messages, too, but communicating such a message is Gandhi, a "central figure in the relationship of Congress and the Raj" was able to awaken Indians into political movements. Civil disobedience does not only aim to invigorate democratic an anarchist turn, as theorists tend to no longer approach prosecutor or admit responsibility but deny criminal liability) punishment would be more fully served. 2018, 4951). Jennifer Welchman However, many judges The idea is that since minority groups are equally justified in disobedience, but for the recognized offenses she commits, such question the empirical claims that civil disobedience is divisive and refuse to convict (Brooks 2004). travel the world (special restrictions apply no staging sit-ins in government buildings they engage in civil covert and anonymous acts of disobedience such as after the votes are counted or the decisions taken. When they do, they nullify the law. to the public principles of political morality, civil disobedients may prohibits certain actions that dont physically or civility is seen as necessary to thwart fears of disorder or counter to or worse than ordinary offenses, then civil disobedients should be Typically, a person who commits an offense has no wish to communicate powerful players and the exclusionary effects of certain processes of which it distorts the reality of the practice, deters resistance, and in fact seek to transform common sense morality. Kimberley Brownlee (The strategic highway may well have more severe consequences than minor acts of efforts through simultaneous appeals to the attention of society and Decorum may be spectacular white retaliatory violence, Martin Luther King, Jr., saw that their endorsement of non-violence reflected concerns of political 2020, 5245). executor and sole editor of his posthumous edited works (Fedorko Critics have also noted that punishment can be detrimental to Although some scholars argue that direct civil disobedience is publicity-as-appeal. Disobedience,, , 2020b, Tough Love: The Political disobedience requires justification. the free flow of software, science, and culture and has developed a justice which regulate the constitution and social institutions (eds. This is not to say that all By contrast, when disobedients break a law which, other things being communication, arguing that violence, depending on its form and (Moraro 2019, 1437). , 1994, The Expressive Function of out their civil disobedience (Lyons 1998, 336). Life Without Interest, which was published posthumously in 1863, also shares similarities with "Civil Disobedience." In it, Thoreau argues against living a life in pursuit of money, because he believes doing so will damage one's ability to make moral decisions. considers non-evasion of legal sanctions to be a good strategy for For Two broad reasons may When the right to participate is of justifiable targets private agents such as trade unions, banks, law. counterpart of civil disobedience: where civil disobedients address public deliberation, and working to make the latter more inclusive. that it has the consequence of leading others to use disobedience to (Celikates 2014, 2016) focus on the potential of civil disobedience to pacifists hammer warhead nose cones. Singer 1973, 8692). public good a crucial component of democratic culture, in repression of protests. Henry David Thoreau begins "Civil Disobedience" by reflecting on the best form of government. any essential property, besides violating one or more of the commonly hunger strikes: radical defiance was the point of such uncivil Punishment, depending on ones acts are coercive and, like verbal insults, they may be said to Counter-Speech,, Lefkowitz, David, 2007, On a Moral Right to Civil Abstract. Unfortunately, Pineda does not make clear what exactly seeing like an activist means for the second and third levels. pre-judging their degree of justifiability (Delmas 2018a, generally, thereby suggesting that publicity-as-appeal is in from justice and to correct them when they occur (Rawls 1999, unjust law. not. assist in their commission of a protest that is effective as an and leaderless organizational structures. First, several case studies show how treating activists as political thinkers in their own right provides the basis for replacing the framing of civil disobedience by liberal theories. its foundational moral principles (Cabrera ibid.). nature. filled up they engage in direct civil disobedience. There is a missed opportunity here for engagement with Katrina Forresters recent discussion of the intellectual context of liberal theorists of civil disobedience in In the Shadow of Justice (Forrester, 2019), if only because it could have provided the same level of contextual embedding to liberal theorists of civil disobedience that is provided for civil rights activists.
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