serratia marcescens phenol red test results

alkaline end product. Bertrand X, Dowzicky MJ. Faro J, Katz A, Berens P, Ross PJ. Isolation, screening and biochemical characterization of pectinolytic microorganism from soil sample of Raipur city. HW _Q7$@HE= 5rX1 "QY|z}\x)4M]$w/?ly8@+r0T9POW%t_Vb {O{JJ'0=[ScB}i7a!}l'^# The samples were transferred into sterilized plastic bags and brought to the microbiology laboratory at AASTU. Zarogoulidis P, Porpodis K, Konoglou M, Saroglou M, Mitrakas A, Matthaios D, et al. 2007 Sep 1. metabolize mannitol to produce acid, but gas was not produced. Lemon juice clarification using fungal pectinolytic enzymes coupled to membrane ultrafiltration. Pectinase: substrate, production and their biotechnological applications. Microbes Infect. Hiremath S, Biyani M. Technique survival with Serratia peritonitis. The results were compared to the given unknown results. This means that the acetoin This 2014 Jun. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-021-01662-4. 2014;3:6324. J Xidian Univ. The culture is incubated an additional 24 hours at 35-37 C to allow the microbe to now use the arginine. However, pectinase activity was not completely lost even if the temperature increased to 50C. endobj The organism is not capable of fermenting dulcitol which results in the formation of acidic end Would you like email updates of new search results? 28(7):821-4. The production media (pH 8) was inoculated with 2ml of overnight cultured bacteria and incubated using a rotary shaker at 125rpm for 72h. After the end of the fermentation times, the enzyme activities were assayed. Serratia species are responsible for 1.4% of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Asp ME, Ho Thanh MT, Germann DA, Carroll RJ, Franceski A, Welch RD, Gopinath A, Patteson AE. To get around this obstacle, the Voges There was a strong (hydrolysis) zone among all four bacterial isolates, indicating the existence of pectinase activities. 15(6-7):480-90. Hitha PK, Girija D. Isolation and screening of native microbial isolates for pectinase activity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2198-8. PubMed fermentation product from glucose. Raw agro-industrial orange peel waste as a low cost effective inducer for alkaline polygalacturonase production from Bacillus licheniformis SHG10. A review of the mechanisms that drive Serratia towards diverse lifestyles. Thus, there was no indole present The products a bacteria produces by the anaerobic fermentation of glucose help Certain extracellular products are unique to S. marcescens. The .gov means its official. The next task was the purification and preservation of the culture. 6). [Full Text]. This study tried to determine the effect of pectinase on the volume of juice, juice yield, and juice clarity in terms of transmittance by using apple, lemon, and mango fruits. Engel HJ, Collignon PJ, Whiting PT, Kennedy KJ. Vaillant F, Millan P, OBrien G, Dornier M, Decloux M, Reynes M. Crossflow microfiltration of passion fruit juice after partial enzymatic liquefaction. After adding 0.3ml of Somogyi copper reagent and mixture of the test tubes was set in a boiling water bath for 10min. 2009 Dec. 16(6):512-4. WebThe phenol red broth also contains the indicator phenol red, which changes color according to the pH. Abd-Alla MH, Bashandy SR, Schnell S, Ratering S. Isolation and characterization of Serratia rubidaea from dark brown spots of tomato fruits. Serratia meningitis and Serratia endocarditis carry a high mortality rate. Abiola C, Oyetayo VO. After a 4-h incubation period, the samples were heated for 3min at 40C. WebThe plate will be a brownish red color after 48hours. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1413-8. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. In the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, S marcescens was isolated in 65 (84.4%) of 77 patients with Serratia infection; the remaining 12 patients had infection with a nonmarcescens Serratia species. If a bacterium ferments [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Roy K, Dey S, Uddin M, Barua R, Hossain M. Extracellular pectinase from a novel bacterium Chryseobacterium indologenes strain SD and its application in fruit juice clarification. indicates that the organism does not have the enzyme tryptophanase Clin Microbiol Rev. The organism is not capable of fermenting arabinose which results in the formation of acidic end Citrate Article Influence of outer membrane permeabilization on intrinsic resistance to the hydrophobic biocide triclosan in opportunistic. Serial dilution and spread plate methods were the techniques used to isolate the target to pectinase enzyme-producing bacteria using Nutrient agar media [55]. Pectic acid, pectinic acid, pectin, and protopectin are the four types of pectin substances used as substrates in pectinase processing [12, 13]. Then, the mixture is incubated. 2023 Jan 17;12(2):189. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020189. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. They were sub-cultured into a new growth mediumto obtain a pure isolate. 2015). Serratia marcescens was able to metabolize mannitol to produce acid, but gas was not produced. Glucose Positive for the fermentation of glucose to produce acid, but negative for the production of gas. Lysine Positive. Sareen SJ, Thomas S, Sruthy AJ. 16 0 obj Food Bioprod Process. The supernatant was used as crude enzymes to evaluate the efficiency of bacterial isolates on the production of pectinase activities by using sodium acetate buffer pH 6.8 [1, 45]. [15] Outbreaks of S marcescensmeningitis, wound infections, and arthritis have occurred in pediatric wards. 17(21):2222-31. Soares MM, Da Silva R, Carmona EC, Gomes E. Pectinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus species and their potential application on juice extraction. The genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted using the Bacterial Genomic DNA Extraction Kit, which was modified slightly from the manufacturer's procedure (QIAGEN, QIAamp DNA Mini Kit). Streptomycesspecies require a slightly alkaline condition of pH 8.5 for maximum pectinase production. Over the last 30 years, Serratia marcescens has become an important cause of nosocomial infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. [Full Text]. Isolate R5 had the highest pectinase activity of 5.41014mol/ml/min, isolate W3 had the second highest at 3.09017mol/ml/min, and isolate Y31 had the lowest at 2.49023mol/ml/min [Table 2]. CGMCC 1669 with potential for application in apple juice clarification. Clin Infect Dis. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Parasit Vectors. In mango juice, there was a 13.34% difference in yield from control to crude pectinase and a 23.33% difference in juice output between crude pectinase and purified pectinase. The amount of released glucose per milliliter per minute was calculated using D-glucose (10100 micromoles) from the standard curves. It is used to differentiate enterics based on the ability to reduce sulfur and ferment carbohydrates. [6]. 1 0 obj<> are as follows: -. Varghese LK, Rizvi AF, Gupta AK. Maktouf S, Neifar M, Drira SJ, Baklouti S, Fendri M, Chabouni SE. 2016;5(1):51421. The indicator will turn yellow if the pH is below 6.8, red if the pH is between 6.8-7.4, and magenta if about 7.4. Webindicator is phenol red. Serratia marcescens yields a positive result. This confirms a negative result, meaning, Serratia Decarboxylase broth tests for the production of the enzyme decarboxylase, which removes the carboxyl group from an amino acid. Kashyap DR, Vohra PK, Chopra S, Tewari R. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. Methyl Red and Voges-Proskauer Test Protocols. When the pH is below 6.8, phenol red is yellow. You can differentiate four types of hemolysis by the appearance of the agar. Phytoparasitica. Res J Microbiol. 2018;1:16. Spreading rates of bacterial colonies depend on substrate stiffness and permeability. Enterotube The tests and their results are as follows: -. Diano N, Grimaldi T, Bianco M, Rossi S, Gabrovska K, Yordanova G, Godjevargova T, Grano V, Nicolucci C, Mita L, Bencivenga U. Apple juice clarification by immobilized pectolytic enzymes in packed or fluidized bed reactors. If an organism can only ferment endobj If the precipitate is formed, it can mask any acid/alkaline results. Image Source: MicrobeWiki and Getty Images. This Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Curr Med Chem. 2011 Oct;24(4):755-91. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00017-11. The fermentation of dextrose (glucose) results in the production of acid. 1997 Nov;46(11):913-9. doi: 10.1099/00222615-46-11-913. of culture grown in MR-VP broth. The main goals of this research were to find and study pectinase-producing bacteria from avocado peel wastes (Serratia marcescens), and improve the clarity of the fruit juice. 51 Suppl 1:S81-7. In the field of science, experimentation is the cornerstone of changing hypotheses into Serratia marcescens meningitis: Epidemiology, prognostic factors and treatment outcomes. Epub 2005 Sep 29. Chang CC, Chen WC, Ho TF, Wu HS, Wei YH. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2013. endobj The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Serratia infection is responsible for about 2% of nosocomial infections of the bloodstream, lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, surgical wounds, and skin and soft tissues in adult patients. Pectinases are used in acidic and alkaline environments and are especially useful in the food and textile industries [25, 26]. Those bacterial isolates with a higher clear area were subjected to submerged fermentation for pectinase production using the same medium as primary screening but without agar. endobj 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in A slight yellowing of the medium lowercase a may be entered. eCollection 2023 Apr. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Thomas E Herchline, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of OhioDisclosure: Received research grant from: Regeneron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2013.07.003. 2013 Sep. 59(9):627-40. reacted with the reagents present to create a red layer. As a result, observed in Table 7, pectinase activity increased with increased substrate concentration (pectin) up to the optimal concentration and decreased after the optimal substrate concentration. This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties. There was no human or animal participation in the research, and no data was collected. Glucose is not fermented, the change in color of the phenol red glucose br . Disclaimer. 87(2):122-5. Pectinase finds applications in the extraction of fruit juice, clarification of juice, refining of vegetable fibers, degumming of natural fibers, and wastewater treatment [18, 19]. Anal Chem. Positive. Br J Ophthalmol. 89(4):382-7. It was used to isolate bacteria from avocado peel waste using serial dilution, pour plating, and streak isolation methods. results of catalase test, (lactose, sucrose and glucose fermentation tests) and other biochemical tests for its accurate identification. Obafemi YD, Ajayi AA, Taiwo OS, Olorunsola SJ, Isibor PO. (review sheet 4), 1-3 Discussion- Population, Samples, and Bias, Burn Sheet Music Hamilton (Sheet Music Free, Wong s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing 11th Edition Hockenberry Rodgers Wilson Test Bank, Gizmos Student Exploration: Effect of Environment on New Life Form, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. phenol red broth and xylose fermentation - phenol red broth. Extracellular pectinase from a novel bacterium Chryseobacterium indologenes strain SD and its application in fruit juice clarification. 21 0 obj The mouths of the test tubes were reflamed and the caps were put back on. Pinna A, Usai D, Sechi LA, Carta A, Zanetti S. Detection of virulence factors in Serratia strains isolated from contact lens-associated corneal ulcers. Petersen LM, Tisa LS. unknown bacteria. The yield variation of apple juice between control and crude pectinase was 20%. 2007;78(2):5618. measures if a specific bacteria produces 2,3-butanediol as a Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Only since the 1960s has S marcescens been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. WebDay 2 Grading: 10 pts. Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug ReferenceDisclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. served as a selective media. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A bacterium has not been found in avocados, but pectic and pectin compounds have been found in a lot of research on avocados [7, 12]. Biotechnol Res. Res J Life Sci Bioinform Pharm Chem Sci. Prez-Toms R, Vias M. New insights on the antitumoral properties of prodiginines. The pH of each fruit juice sample decreased with pectinase, and the total titrable acidity (TTA) increased after the juice was clarified by pectinase, as shown in Table 10. Through comparing the results of 18 uuid:d9e4a226-1dd1-11b2-0a00-880000000000 Finally, the analysis of pectinase production and its application in fruit juice clarification were performed using one of the bacterial strains of Serratia marcescens. 2022; 2022.https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1881305. The organism is not capable of fermenting lactose. Mannitol is fermented by Staphylococcus aureus and will cause a pH change in the medium (acidic) that is detected by observing phenol red changing to yellow. Cite this article. Point out gram (-) and gram (+) on each plate = 1 pt per organism. the light pink background of the media. <>stream de Oliveira RL, Dias JL, da Silva OS, Porto TS. An outbreak of meningitis caused by S marcescens in patients who had undergone spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section has been ascribed to contaminated medications used for this purpose. An ABTS solution (6.5mM) was combined with a potassium persulfate solution (3.5mM) and stored in darkness for 18h to make an ABTS solution. Accessibility Immobilization of pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus in alginate beads and clarification of apple and umbu juices in a packed bed reactor. The effect of pectinase on juice clarification was also studied in apple juice. Single Colony isolation by Pour Plate Technique using pectin agar plate. Kazemi M, Khodaiyan F, Hosseini SS, Najari Z. 2018;2018. The uses of these enzymes are depicted in Fig. The procedure was started by mixing 1ml of substrate solution prepared by Phosphate buffer (pH 7) and 0.4ml of specific supernatant enzyme in test tubes. Masi C. Immobilization of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in different matrices for the production of alkaline protease. Those chopped were treated with crude pectinase, purified pectinase, and untreated samples were kept as controls in which the enzyme was replaced by distilled water. 2018;3:2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2961767. de Vries JJ, Baas WH, van der Ploeg K, et al. Around 8ml of each fruit juice was taken and chilled in a water bath before adding the pectinase enzyme product, after heating at 40C to inactivate any natural fruit enzymes or bacteria present. When pH is above 7.4, phenol red is magenta. Phenol Red Arabinose Broth. QG-113. The results of drug sensitivity test showed that YP1 was sensitive to 14 antibiotics such as levofloxacin and norfloxacin and resistant to 19 antibiotics including ampicillin and cefradine. Anagnostopoulos DA, Parlapani FF, Natoudi S, Syropoulou F, Kyritsi M, Vergos I, Hadjichristodoulou C, Kagalou I, Boziaris IS. Google Scholar. The experiments were carried out with crude pectinase, partially purified, and water as control. Serratia marcescens was able to Outbreak of a cluster with epidemic behavior due to Serratia marcescens after colistin administration in a hospital setting. Accurate identification is important in defining outbreaks. The ability of an organism to ferment a specific If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. an intermediate in the production of butyl glycerol in the fermentation of The isolates were tentatively described asBacillus species, Serratia species, andErwinia species [Table 3] using ABIS-online software. J Food Eng. From the application of pectinase, the volume of juice treated with both crude and purified pectinase varied with the type of fruit used in the process. Methods Isolation and cultivation of S. marcescens Serratia marcescens (YC16) was isolated from ginger rhizomes with evidence of visible rot symptoms. Ursua PR, Unzaga MJ, Melero P, et al. 1996 Jan. 34(1):216-7. shows a change in the pH from acidic to alkaline conditions. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Glucose Positive for Anonymous. The pectinase isolated from the bacteriumSerratia marcescenscould clear fruit juices. J Clin Microbiol. Payal K Patel, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, HIV Medicine Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Society of Hospital Medicine, Washtenaw County Medical SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. The genome sequence data for R5 and W3is available in the GenBank repository under the project of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (Website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN932109.1 and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/1796387721). The production medium, which was adjusted to pH 8 produced maximum pectinase activity (8.840.34mol/ml/min), followed by pH 7 (6.660.73mol/ml/min) [Table 5]. 8 points total. Figure 1. andobservedfor Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Development of natural anti-tumor drugs by microorganisms. The following biochemical tests were performed to identify bacterial isolates: carbohydrate fermentation tests, indole test, methyl red (MR) test, Vegas-Proskauer (VP) test, Citrate utilization test, hydrogen sulfide generation test, catalase test, and urease test [59]. compound will turn red. inoculating loop was also reflamed. Tabssum F, Ali SS. Some bacterial species, such asEntero bactertabaci NR14667,could produce the highest pectinase activity at 0.3% of pectin concentration, as reported by Obafemi et al., [30]. Briefly, 100 mL of the 96-hour incubated S. marcescens culture was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes. This can be due to the disintegration of solid compounds after the destruction network formed by pectinase [51, 52]. After enzymatic treatments, the filtered fruit juice was pasteurized at 60C for 20min. WebSerratia marcescens (S. marcescens) is a gram-negative bacillus that occurs naturally in soil and water and produces a red pigment at room temperature. had been added to a sample of the organism, it produced effervescence. *;Zplpa"u`0Z\Y*DV`k];DsN\['2s8c;]^m2&cyO%g `aIo\e5lYm}gN7}b9$o,)Jn^N3jvu !4+0e# These microorganisms are essential in the production of pectinase enzymes which find applications in biotechnological processes that use pectin as a carbon source [6, 7]. WebGram Stain + = purple to blue stain - = red to pink stain Acid-Fast Stain + = acid fast (red) - = non-acid fast (blue) Capsule Stain + = capsules (halo around cells) - = no capsules Endospore Stain + = endospores (green) - = no endospores (red) Glucose Fermentation + = yellow (Check for gas) - = red Donnenberg MS. Enterobacteriaceae. The results of the 5 tests informs The hydrolysis of isolate R5 in primary screening is almost identical to that of previous studies [2, 28, 29], which obtained 22.8mm and 20.5mm, respectively. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. lactose. This solution formed a clear zone around the colonies, which indicates that bacterial isolates can produce pectinase and the diameter of clear zones is proportional to the bacterias relative pectinase production capacity [16]. Biomed Res Int. endobj Pathogens. 2000;24(6):396402. marcescens, a positive result is observed. 344(20):1491-7. Negative. Interaction of macrophages with a cytotoxic Serratia liquefaciens human isolate. Explains the study on optimization of prodigiosin production by serratia marcescens msk1 isolated from air. prepared at room temperature. The site is secure. Since the gram stain of Serratia References 2022;23(3):1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031680. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded in lemon juice samples. On a 0.8% agarose gel dyed with a DNA-safe stain, the PCR products were seen. MeSH They then dissolved the enzyme proteins that had been frozen in saltwater and dialyzed them with dialysis membranes after the above steps were done [61]. 4:66. was a red top layer of liquid (McDevitt S. 2009). Negative. The Scientific World Journal. Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Jones RN. When Kovacs reagent is added, if any indole is present the %RleN\w;*n+3{" 6ouui^+ATu>-"M Researchers are becoming more interested in nanoparticles as a result of their vast 2015;15(59):1. https://doi.org/10.1042/bse0590001. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Indole test evaluates if an organism can [Full Text]. All authors are contributed by the final confirmation of potential Pectinase-producing bacteria and manuscript revisions. 2018;4:33748. Effect of various parameters on activity of pectinase enzyme. Posluszny JA Jr, Conrad P, Halerz M, Shankar R, Gamelli RL. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter, Citrobacter or Serratia species: a systematic review with meta-analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15385. Darah I, Nisha M, Lim SH. 2007;81(1):6571. WebUntitled - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. WebResults: 1. This showed that bacterial strains could make pectinase, which was found by Huguevieux et al., [35]. 10 0 obj Production of pectinase from Bacillus sonorensis MPTD1. Home|Lab Exercises|Quizzes|Handouts |Instructors, Glucose fermentation only; Peptone catabolized, Glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermentation, No fermentation; Peptone used aerobically, Glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermentation; Gas produced, Red/yellow with bubbles and black precipitate, Glucose fermentation only; Gas produced; H2S produced, Glucose and lactose and/or sucrose fermentation; H2S produced. CAS 2018;11:74353. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. volume22, Articlenumber:145 (2022) A gel documentation system was used to acquire an image of an agarose gel dyed with ethidium bromide - DNA marker (M), Genomic DNA extracted - 3(R5) and 4 (W3), and PCR amplification product of bacterial genomic DNA - 7 (R5) and 8 (W3), Phylogenetic tree constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of Serratia marcescens _R5 with other Serratia species obtained from GenBank database, Phylogenetic tree constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of Lysinibacillus macroides_W3 with other Lysinibacillus species obtained from Gene Bank database. Pectin is a component of the plant's cell wall and middle lamella, and a very thin extracellular layer that connects the young cells [8, 9]. 2014;92(1):149. The WebHypothetically draw the Dichotomous key for Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus, Megaterium, Bacillus cereus, E.coli, Serratia Marcescens, and Enterobacter aerogenes based on colony morphology.
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