Marvel Movies Ranked Worst to Best by Tomatometer, Jurassic Park Movies Ranked By Tomatometer, RT25: Celebrating 25 Years of Rotten Tomatoes, Fatal Attraction Series Stars Joshua Jackson and Lizzy Caplan on the Sexy, Unsettling Psychological Thriller, Prime Video Acquires J.J. Abrams and Matt Reeves Batman: Caped Crusader and 2 More Animated Projects, Clint Eastwood's sophomore outing as director sees him back in the saddle as a mysterious stranger, and the result is one of his most memorable Westerns. we cut to a shot of the Stranger, seemingly implying. Robert Daley, Writer: A mysterious gunfighter without a name (Clint Eastwood) rides across the desert landscape and arrives in the mining town beside the sea "Lago" to stay for the night. [11], "It's just an allegory," Eastwood said, "a speculation on what happens when they go ahead and kill the sheriff, and somebody comes back and calls the town's conscience to bear. The Stranger lures one of the Carlin brothers outside and whips him to death, then kills the remaining outlaws one by one. The best thing about western is that they have good story, and this one is no different. Maybeand this is where the movie gets really interestingbecause he is Duncan. [22], High Plains Drifter was first released on DVD by Universal Studios Home Video on February 24, 1998. The film was critically acclaimed at the time of its initial release and remains popular. .css-gk9meg{display:block;font-family:Lausanne,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-top:0.25rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-gk9meg:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-gk9meg{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.15;margin-bottom:0.25rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-gk9meg{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-gk9meg{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-gk9meg{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}The Best, Craziest, Weirdest Moments From Cannes, Celebrities Who've Shaved Their Heads for Roles, 'Avatar: The Way of Water' Is Finally Streaming, 'Guardians of the Galaxy 3' Sticks the Landing, Damon Lindelof Was 'Asked to Leave' Star Wars, Christopher Nolan Is Hyping Up 'Oppenheimer', Pedro Pascal, Ethan Hawke Are a Great Cowboy Match, Seeing Hugh Grant's Oompa Loompa Will Break Me, 'The Flash' Just Debuted Another Massive Trailer, 13 Great Movies That Were Booed at Cannes. The Malpaso Company, Rank Clint Eastwoods 10 Best Movies as Director, Some Juicy New Tidbits on the "DOA" Action Flick, RT25: Celebrating 25 years of Rotten Tomatoes. "[18], The film had its share of detractors. Mostly asked to project a sense of corruption amidst a feeling of liberation from the shackles of morality, most everyone in this cast does fine, with Eastwood predictably stealing the show, with a formulaic, but still-effective portrayal of an intensely charismatic, yet chillingly enigmatic man with no name, or at least a name that is not said, just assumed. As night falls and the town burns, it looks like the outlaws are getting the better hand. Well, the big difference with this particular "man with no name" character is that no one dubs Eastwood in Italian, and there is way more weird stuff surrounding him then there ever was in a Sergio Leone western. After scouting locations alone in a pickup truck in Oregon, Nevada and California,[6] he settled on the "highly photogenic" Mono Lake area. Grown men moan to each other about the Strangers behaviour and then point out well, why didnt you do anything about it then? as he takes and violates anything he wants whilst no-one has the balls to do anything about it. Universal Pictures, Under a joint production between Malpaso and Universal, the original screenplay was written by Ernest Tidyman, who had won a Best Screenplay Oscar for The French Connection.[6]. From a moviemaker's point of view, they're not necessary to drive the plot. Three hired "town security" gunmen taunt and threaten him; he kills all three with little effort. A nameless stranger rides into a small town and immediately kills three gunmen. [4] [8], The character of Marshal Duncan was played by Buddy Van Horn, Eastwood's long-time stunt double, to suggest that he and the Stranger could be the same person. As he leaves, he paints over the town sign with a single word: "Hell". I don't have much to say about 'High Plains Drifter'. Three gunmen hired to protect the town taunt and threaten him; he kills all three with little effort. At least Sergios movies had the humour to counterbalance the depraved killings and the degenerate treatment of women. Meanwhile, he picks up a brush to drip the letters H-E-L-L in crimson on a signpost at Lagos border. The Stranger assembles a group of citizens to defend the town and has them practice shooting, but soon realizes that none have the necessary skills. The Stranger drags Sarah, kicking and screaming, into her bedroom (the only room in the hotel not damaged) where they have sex. Tidyman's screenplay was inspired by the real-life murder of Kitty Genovese in Queens in 1964, which eyewitnesses reportedly stood by and watched. Tidyman said that his script for High Plains Drifter was inspired by the infamous 1964 Kitty Genovese case, where a 28-year-old Queens woman was stabbed and murdered as her terrified neighbors reportedly stared out their apartment windows and watched without calling for help. After scouting locations alone in a pickup truck in Oregon, Nevada and California,[7] he settled on the "highly photogenic" Mono Lake area. This uncertainty is kind of understandable, as Eastwood must work hard to transcend natural shortcomings to this minimalist narrative, which is still meaty, yet would have seemed meatier if style didn't also come with its own immediately questionable elements. The result is one of the best Westerns of the 1970s. Is 'High Plains Drifter' based on a book. Get a list of the best movie and TV titles recently added (and coming What to Watch Right Now on Amazon's Prime Video. Then, upon the Stranger's final departure from Lago, the midget Mordecai is seen tending to an unmarked grave which now bears the name Jim Duncan. This 10-digit number is your confirmation number. [citation needed], Universal released the R-rated High Plains Drifter in the United States in April 1973, and the film eventually grossed $15.7 million domestically,[3] ultimately making it the sixth-highest grossing Western in North America in the decade of the 1970s and the 20th highest-grossing film released in 1973. Particularly bad is the scene where Callie ambushes the Stranger while he's taking a bath, unarmed, and fires several shots at him. 2009 . But more than anything, its a ghost story (if you choose to see it that wayand I do) in frontier drag. Starring: Clint Eastwood, Verna Bloom, Marianna Hill But Eastwood has always been cagier about interpreting his film, saying that that interpretation might be true, but its also possible that the Stranger is Duncans avenging brother. Usually when Eastwood is punching a man across a table or delivering a nonchalant verbal beat down we are laughing and enjoying it. 2011 . Coming Soon, Regal 978-0823230143 . The next morning, as the Stranger rides out of town, he passes Mordecai carving a fresh grave marker. The next day, Lago's town council, needing to replace the three gunmen, offer the Stranger anything he wants to protect the town from Bridges and the Carlins, who will soon be released from prison. Ernest Tidyman's script has some raw violence for the kinks, some dumb humor for audience relief, and lots of arch characterizations befitting the serio-comic-strip nature of the plot. High Plains Drifter is Western star Clint Eastwood's first attempt at directing one of his own westerns. By what name was High Plains Drifter (1973) officially released in India in Hindi? High Plains Drifter is a 1973 American Western film directed by Clint Eastwood, written by Ernest Tidyman, and produced by Robert Daley for The Malpaso Company and Universal Pictures. After the Stranger tells the townspeople to literally paint their town red, one of them says, "When we get done, this place is gonna look like hell." Western, Original Language: It was Eastwood's second film as director, and the first Western he directed. Check box if your review contains spoilers, High Plains Drifter: Maybe You Think You're Fast Enough, Now Playing: High Plains Drifter: Maybe You Think You're Fast Enough. That night, in his hotel room, the Stranger dreams of Jim Duncan, a U.S. 2004 . Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study . [25], American musician Kirk Hammett included a song named High Plains Drifter, which takes its title from the film, on his 2022 extended play, Portals. Not just politically, but also stylistically. The outlaws arrive and easily overcome the novice resistance of the townspeople; the defenders are all killed, while the survivors are rounded up in the saloon. Meanwhile, the best you can say for High Plains Drifter is that the title is a low pun. The Stranger only agrees to take up the role after the town meets his bizarre demands including painting the town's buildings red and rechristening the town itself as "Hell". I'm 98% sure the idea for this is drawn from that movie. Crucially, he's your grandfather's idea of Christ, one who Clint Eastwood's America . 90 (1814), Kurosawa and the Dreams of the Alpine Meadows, Bach: Cantatas for Advent, Christmas, New Year, Cinema 52 Films Recently Watched | CulturalRites, Winter Light, Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada. Upon arriving, the Stranger has a lucid and graphic dream about Jim Duncan's death, in which Duncan declares damnation upon the townspeople for not saving his life. Starring: Clint Eastwood, Verna Bloom, Marianna Hill Watch all you want. Do we, then,find ourselvesunable to know how to act ethically in oursociety a society that glorifies, Den Vergulden Turk, where Mahler and Freud met, Breestraat, Leiden, Netherlands The subject of Mahler and Freud Meet in, Constellations of Desire Constellations of Desire forms the third part of Solitary Ethics, a sequence on ethical and moral, The Meadow Trail, as it leaves the forest for the light, Stanley Park, Vancouver. Link to Are You There God? Director Clint Eastwood: Attention to Detail and Involvement for the Audience. This kind of uncertain pussyfooting around from us as the viewer is much like the townspeoples choice of not choosing a side when the poor man was being whipped. [8] The film was completed in six weeks, two days ahead of schedule, and under budget. There's a boldness, confident stylisation, and genuine weirdness to the movie that totally escaped other post-spaghetti American Westerns, with a real sense of exorcism running both through and beyond it. He agrees to help the townspeople, but does so with his own secret agenda. Portions of the town aflame in the night produce the backdrop of the lake of fire. Book: Green, Philip . Before he could despair over his flailing, fledgling career, he would be saved by the Westerna genre that immediately fit him like a bespoke duster. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Dialogue earlier in the film, and the final scene with Mordecai strongly imply, however, that he's. [8], Complete buildings, rather than facades, were built, so that Eastwood could shoot interior scenes on the site. High Plains Drifter, which followed a mysterious gun-fighter (Eastwood) hired by a local town to defend its people against three violent outlaws, is a dark, revisionist examination of the cowboy . Returning to Lago, the Stranger inspects the preparations the entire town painted red, armed men on rooftops, picnic tables laden with food and drink, and a big "WELCOME HOME BOYS" banner then he silently departs again. This, An astounding composition, that still reveals more of itself six decades after I first heard it. The next day, Lago officials offer the Stranger "anything you want" to protect the town from Bridges and the Carlins, who will soon be released from prison. [19], Nigel Andrews of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that "after Play Misty For Me, High Plains Drifter emerges as a disappointingly sterile exercise in style, suggesting that the first thing Eastwood should do as a director is forget the lessons he has learned from other film-makers and start to forge a convincing style of his own. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Jefferson, N.C . Did he want to be a stripped-down bareknuckle filmmaker like Siegel, or a baroque allegorist like Leone? But once he shows his skills with a pistol, the locals realize he may be able to help them fend off a band of criminals who have been terrorizing the town. That isn't the American people who settled this country. 2014 . For the first and last time in his career, High Plains Drifter would prove that he might just want to be both. Why Does Bruce Willis Make Movies He Hates? Whatever he is, hes definitely one of the most memorable characters Easwoods played, and thats saying something. Here is a list of locations where High Plains Drifter is shot at, read on . He then rides out of town without explanation, following the wounded Morgan. After the film came out and wound up being a big box-office hit, Eastwood wrote a fannish letter to John Wayne, suggesting that they make a movie together. The small supernatural elements made it more interesting in my opinion as it added a more unique feel as I was watching this. Now this may not be as good as some of Clint Eastwood other western, especially Unforgiven, but it's still a nice alternative and a unique take on the western genre from the man who is the best in that genre. Morrisville . This would explain why nobody in the town recognized him, but he knew how exactly the Marshal was killed and he was able to kill the three men . Get the freshest reviews, news, and more delivered right to your inbox! The Stranger suddenly returns and kills the outlaws one by one, whipping Cole to death, hanging Dan with another whip, and shooting Stacey. who rides into the small mining town of Lago and immediately begins to toy with the locals, playing judge, jury, and executioner for their sins. That isn't the American people who settled this country. "[16], Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a stylized, allegorical western of much chillingly paranoid atmosphere and considerable sardonic humor that confirms Eastwood's directorial flair. This movie is definitely a different kind of western. Tidyman's screenplay was inspired by the real-life murder of Kitty Genovese in Queens in 1964, which eyewitnesses reportedly stood by and watched. All we know is it is very difficult to side with him as a protagonist and as such we are left with an uneasy feel throughout the film from which we can only be unburdened after knowing just what he wants and why hes doing it but we never do, which is probably why I was left with such an uncomfortable feeling after the film was finished. The narrative concept is minimalist in scale, and the interpretation gets flimsy, but this story of a stranger gracing, then growing to corrupt ad plague and strange land carries intriguing mystery, in addition to thought-provoking themes on temptation and placing faith in unpredictable features that are stronger than the film itself. [6] An uncredited rewrite of the script was provided by Dean Riesner, screenwriter of other Eastwood projects. Dynamite, used in the narrative to kill the cowardly and stone the murderers is the sulfur that presages the second death. 'High Plains Drifter' Is Clint Eastwood's Mysterious, Overlooked Masterpiece, Scan this QR code to download the app now. As an actor, he is probably better than he allows himself to be. (2) The stranger was Marshal Jim Duncan himself come back to exact his revenge (perhaps through a deal with the devil.). McFarland & Co . A gun-fighting stranger comes to the small settlement of Lago and is hired to bring the townsfolk together in an attempt to hold off three outlaws who are on their way. Here its different though, and we see the cruel behaviour for what it is, even if some of the victims deserve retribution. Before the film is finished fire is raging throughout the town and everyone who was involved in the Marshall whipping gets some kind of upcommance for their actions. 978-0745656489 . High Plains Drifter is a 1973 American Western film directed by Clint Eastwood, written by Ernest Tidyman, and produced by Robert Daley for The Malpaso Compa. Obviously he's not okay with rape and he's sure as hell not trying to glorify it - but the execution seems miscalculated, to say the least. Book: Ruffles, Tom . [12] On Metacritic the film has a score 69% based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". He favored a less explicit and more supernatural interpretation, and excised the reference. Metacritic Reviews. "[19] John Wayne criticized the film's iconoclastic approach; in a letter to Eastwood, he wrote, "That isn't what the West was all about. For more information, please see our New #Steelers TE Darnell Washington would have gone much higher than late-third round but "medical zonked him," as one scout said. How do the stores make any money if strangers keep getting driven out? Dee Barton's score is genuinely refreshing, capturing the supernatural feel of the film through a fusion of classic western themes and a whimsy which ranges from colorful to rather intense, while Bruce Surtees' cinematography, despite being not quite as playful as Barton's still-underused efforts, is also attractive in its bleakness, with a rugged palette over gritty art direction by Henry Bumstead. Given that he was mentored by the likes of Don Siegel and my personal favourite director Sergio Leone it's no wonder that Eastwood went on to make hits like The Outlaw Josey Wales and Unforgiven. There is the unusual, The characterization, on the stage, eminently well contrasts the well intentioned and truehearted peasant Luisa with the, From time to time, I revisit the 1932-37 recordings of the Beethoven piano sonatas by Artur Schnabel. Marshal, being whipped to death by outlaws Stacey Bridges and brothers Dan and Cole Carlin, as Lago's citizens watch in silence. Speaking about the composition, Hammett said he didn't set out to write a song based on the movie, but upon finishing it, he realized it "conveyed the same sentiment as the film, so the piece was christened accordingly. Especially from the line "they didn't know him by his face". [3] The film was influenced by the work of Eastwood's two major collaborators, film directors Sergio Leone and Don Siegel. "[17] Tom Zito of The Washington Post called it "an enjoyable, well-constructed work that suffers only from a slightly tedious tone that makes the film seem longer than its 105 minutes. [23] It made its Blu-ray debut on October 15, 2013, with a newly remastered transfer,[24] and was reissued on October 27, 2020, by Kino Lorber with commentary tracks and new interviews. Submissions should be for the purpose of informing or initiating a discussion, not just to entertain readers. The Ferrymans Obolus, the third and concluding sequence of Part 2, The idea is Gods. Ive watched High Plains Drifter probably a half dozen times and every time Im more and more convinced that the Stranger is the ghost of Duncan meting out punishment from the Great Beyond. Says the paradox: to save the just, you must make a pact with the Devil. The goal of /r/Movies is to provide an inclusive place for discussions and news about films with major releases. "I never did know your name" "Yes you do", as the camera pans to show the previous marshal's gravestone and name. The Clint Eastwood 3- Movie Western Collection on Blu-ray is the perfect Father's Day gift that features the Academy Award winning actor in 3 iconic roles. User Reviews Sep 7, 2010, Runtime: Cracks in the Pedestal Ideology and Gender in Hollywood . What Shows Have Been Renewed or Canceled. Please enter your birth date to watch this video: You are not allowed to view this material at this time. A mysterious drifter referred to only as "The Stranger" rides into the dismal mining town of Lago, which has a crisis on its hands: three ruthless gunmen are making their way to the town so they can settle scores over an old wrong done to them by the townspeople. Menu. Just confirm how you got your ticket. A mysterious, unnamed stranger rides out of the desert into the isolated mining town of Lago in the American Old West. "[13] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and wrote, "What does work very well indeed is Eastwood's presence, personal style, and direction. The libretto is, This work, with its firm and certain compound of optimism, tenderness, melancholy, and assertion, was a favourite of mine, Dante, Beatrice, and the Zodiac (15th c.) The stated theme of Paradiso is the coevality of unity and multiplicity. Geoffrey Lewis plays one of the badguys and the idea to paint a town red is strange but it worked well, the whipping scenes are great and the shootings and violence Clint Eastwood's acting is faultless and perfect and the story never gets boring. [7], Complete buildings, rather than facades, were built, so that Eastwood could shoot interior scenes on the site. The scene where Clint Eastwood is about to get his clean shave is honestly cinema at it's best. He accepts only after he is given free rein to do as he pleases around the town, an offer which he does not waste at all, forcibly taking any woman he wants and throwing families out of their hotel rooms so he can have the entire building to himself. The Stranger accepts seemingly reluctantly, to be put in charge of order and mounting a defense, recruiting the factotum dwarf as his Deputy. Coming Soon. I love High Plains Drifter, and I adore Eastwood, but the scene conveys the mindset of a writer/director who has zero clue about the psychological implications of sexual assault. It's also a pretty violent business that won't disappoint the millions who flocked to the Leone westerns. The most eye-catching and best-known sequence in the film occurs when Eastwood tells the cowering citizens of Lago to paint every building in the town red as they await the three murderers return. TVTropes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The supporting cast is all of humanity. User Ratings You said we don't have a receiver another team would take. But like a Broadway-trained thespian who periodically returns to the stage to keep his or her instincts honed, Eastwood would keep circling back to the genre that had first forged his mythology in a crucible of six-shooters and squinting glances, the Western. [7] The film was completed in six weeks, two days ahead of schedule, and under budget. All rights reserved. Its first image is of a stock Western landscape, a barren southwestern American desert, our view distorted by waves of heat. Why Were Blade Runner and The Thing '80s Bombs? 1998 . Clint Eastwood's orchestration of subtle stylization begets subtle color that rarely allows entertainment value to slip too far, and when slow spells do enter, upon being met with a genuine sense of thoughtfulness, rather than the dryness which plagues this drama as much as anything, they bite, with high tension. The film stars Eastwood as a mysterious stranger who metes out justice in a corrupt frontier mining town. Regal He later orders the hotel owners, Lewis and Sarah Belding, and all the other guests to vacate the premises, leaving him its sole occupant. The Stranger is then shown painting "HELL" over the Lago town sign. A Stranger (Clint Eastwood) rides into in the dusty mining town of Lago, where the townspeople are living in the shadow of a dark secret. One of the three gunmen shares his fate later in the film. Holes in the plot were filled in with black humor and allegory, influenced by Sergio Leone. Belding, aiming a shotgun at the Stranger's back, is shot dead by Mordecai. In Rabbinical literature, the angel of death, a creation of God on the first day, exacts slaughter, in the manner ordained by God, to restore the honour of mankind. The historicity of the name, in Persian, suggests the meaning little boy; in Aramaic, follower or servant, or follower and servant of God. 0-00-638354-8. He takes a room and decides to stay. Mordecai says, "I never did know your name," to which the Stranger replies, "Yes, you do." Edit, Awards High Plains Drifter begins in a way that should be immediately recognizable to anyone even remotely familiar with the genre: a stranger rides into town. There's always retribution for your deeds. The librettist is Temistocle Solera. Finally, the High Plains Drifter script is here for all you quotes spouting fans of the Clint Eastwood movie. http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/HighPlainsDrifter. Thomas, Kevin (April 6, 1973). The Stranger opens up healthy debate on who or what exactly he is. (Photo: Hendrik, Akira Kurosawa : Ran. All the major series of deaths in the film are in threes: of the hired men at the beginning of the film, of the men murdered for their horses by the three murderers of the town marshall (which had set the retribution in motion), and of the three murderers themselvesone by throttling, another by scourging by lash, the last by death before the burning flames. High Plains Drifter is a 1973 American Western film directed by Clint Eastwood, written by Ernest Tidyman, and produced by Robert Daley for The Malpaso Company and Universal Pictures. Dennis Harvey 48 Hills. Privacy Policy. [8] Over 50 technicians and construction workers built an entire town14 houses, a church, and a two-story hotelin 18 days, using 150,000 feet of lumber. By opting to have your ticket verified for this movie, you are allowing us to check the email address associated with your Rotten Tomatoes account against an email address associated with a Fandango ticket purchase for the same movie. With Eastwood, the cigar seemed to work as a brake on a temper that was quick to favor violence. The premise of the movie is basically this; (spoiler) Clint Eastwood plays a Marshall named Jim Duncan. It adds to the argument that High Plains Drifter is a deconstruction of the myths of the old west. The image is an example of a ticket confirmation email that AMC sent you when you purchased your ticket. In Biblical accounts, Mordecai sat in the kings gate to signify his intimacy to the ruler, or, in the film, the stranger. That, however, is small comfort as this cold, gory and overthought movie unfolds. After having sex with him in his room, she slips out as three men enter. Terms and Policies 2013 . Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story: Season 1. It is gradually revealed that the townspeople hired the outlaws to murder Duncan when he discovered that the local gold mine was illegally dug on government-owned land and would have to be closed, destroying the town's livelihood. Though his laconic sense of humor often drags out the pacing of the movie, Eastwood uses his camera with intelligence and flair. Bach, Cantata 6, at the Second Day of Easter Light and Darkness of Existence, The Ferryman's Obolus Mahler and Freud Meet in Leiden II:III, J.S. It seems the residents are the only ones in town. Returning to Lago, the Stranger inspects the preparationsthe entire town painted red, armed men on rooftops, picnic tables laden with food and drink, and a big "WELCOME HOME BOYS" bannerthen he silently departs again. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available from thestaff@tvtropes.org. The character of Marshal Duncan was played by Buddy Van Horn, Eastwood's long-time stunt double, to suggest that he and the Stranger could be the same person. As always, Clint Eastwood performance is spectacular as "the stranger" or nameless cowboy as he known for. The angel of death, who is the Satan depicted in Paradise Lost, is not inherently evil, being created by God, but is that creation of God who Himself contends with evil, and, indeed, tempts it. "[10] The graveyard set featured in the film's final scene included tombstones inscribed "Sergio Leone" and "Don Siegel" as a humorous tribute to the two influential directors. Universal wanted Eastwood to shoot the feature on its back lot, but Eastwood opted instead to film on location. 2023 METACRITIC, A FANDOM COMPANY. The stranger was Marshal Jim Duncan himself come back to exact his revenge (perhaps through a deal with the devil.). This most interesting film is a story of the avenging angel, who comes to the town of Lago (lake), which is indeed on the shore of a lake, and proceeds to mete out brutal retribution.
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